An Overview of Bills of Lading: Ensuring Precision in Shipping

Why is it crucial to verify Bill of Lading details?
The Bill of Lading meticulously captures the smallest shipment details, providing an exact representation of your cargo. This document is pivotal for identifying your shipment and becomes invaluable in dispute scenarios, especially when handling liability claims for damaged, lost, or delayed shipments.

When is the Bill of Lading Issued?
As a specialist in international shipping and freight, CargoMaster places utmost importance on accuracy in shipping dates, marks, and cargo descriptions when issuing the Bill of Lading. Adhering to maritime regulations, CargoMaster ensures precise details, recognising the significance of the date on the Bill of Lading, marking the enforcement of the shipment contract.

How is the Bill of Lading Compiled?
The compilation of a Bill of Lading involves several checks within the export documentation flow. Freight Forwarders like CargoMaster play a crucial role, ensuring accurate details such as container and bolt seal numbers, vessel information, weights, pieces loaded, and voyage numbers. While Bills of Lading are typically issued after the vessel sails, special requests may lead to earlier issuances.

A Contract in Documentation: The Bill of Lading
Functioning as a contract between the International Shipping Company and the cargo shipper, the Bill of Lading mirrors other contractual agreements, like a residential tenancy agreement. To meet international standards, Bills of Lading must align with conventions such as The Hague Rule, Hague-Visby Rule, Hamburg Rule, and The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act Australia 1991.

Insight into the Documentation Timeline
Disputes regarding Bill of Lading issues primarily emerge in cargo exportation. The export documentation flow involves meticulous coordination, ensuring the timely gathering of information from various sources. CargoMaster, handling machinery and out-of-gauge cargo, faces additional documentation requirements for compliance with international regulations.

International Freight Certificates: Navigating Export Documentation

Certificate of Free Sale (CFS)
A crucial document confirming the approval to sell goods in Australia, essential for customs clearance and import processes in certain overseas markets.

When exporting to certain countries you will require a Certificate of Free Sale (CFS), also called an export certificate or certificate of export. An Export Certificate confirms in writing that you can sell your goods in the Australian market and that there are no restrictions. The Certificate of Free Sale certifies that you have the approval of relevant authorities to sell your goods in Australia.

The overseas purchaser of your products may have problems with customs clearance and registration process’s if you do not provide a CFS when required, your buyer may not be able to import your product into their country. You may need to present this certificate as part of the customs clearance or registration process.

A CFS is often requested for products such as:

• food-based products
• medical parts, devices and products
• certain complementary, prescription, and over the counter medicines.

Not all countries require a CFS, the need for a Certificate of Free Sale will depend on your product and your export market. Speak with your buyer to find out if you need a CFS.

Where can I get a Certificate of Free Sale?

To find out more and apply for a Certificate of Free Sale (CFS) visit:

• Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration
• Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
• Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI)

ATA Carnet (Admission Temporary Admission) 
Facilitates the temporary entry of goods into foreign countries, providing exemptions for import duties and taxes. Commonly used for high-value goods at exhibitions, trade shows, motorsports, and audiovisual production.

An ATA Carnet is an international document that permits temporary the temporary entry of commodities into overseas countries. Carnets are used for goods that are intended to be imported for a short period of time, then exported back to the country of origin. It provides exemptions for import duties and taxes. It is most often used for high-value goods imported for specific uses.

Typical goods that may be transported under a Carnet:

• cars, bikes, boats, caravans or trailers for exhibitions and trade shows
• es or cars and other vehicles used for motorsports
• equipment, trucks, and machinery for mining or farming
• cameras and other equipment used for filming and audiovisual production.

To apply for a Carnet contact The Australian Chamber Of Commerce and Industry

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry    www.australianchamber.com.au/international/certificates-of-origin   (ACCI).

Phytosanitary Certificate
Required for regulated commodities like plants and plant products, certifying compliance with quarantine regulations and the absence of pests.
Phytosanitary Certificates available from the Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment.

Certificate of Origin (CoO)
Government-certified or authorised entity-issued document confirming the origin of commodities, essential for Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and customs clearance.

Note: Always check specific product and market requirements for accurate documentation needs.

Certificates of Origin are needed when Origin when

• exporting to countries where Australia has a current Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
• it is requested by the importer for customs clearance
• it is specified in a Documentary Letter of Credit.

Some agreements will allow for a self-certification, while others require a certificate from an authorised body. Self-certification carries a high level of risk and is not recommended for new exporters.

There are 2 types of Certificates of Origin

1. Preferential certificates

A Preferential certificate will assist customs authorities to confirm your compliance with trade agreements made, tariffs and  and Rules of Origin. Rules of Origin (ROO) are an agreed set of rules between countries that share a preferential trade agreement, such as a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). ROO set out the criteria for which goods are eligible for free or preferential import tariffs. Typically, they require a product to be entirely produced in a one of the participating countries or have a minimum percentage of the value produced there. They can be complex to understand so speak with your customs broker or freight forwarder or visit the DFAT Free Trade Agreement Portal.

Note: If Australia has a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the country you are exporting to you can apply for a Preferential certificate

2. Non-preferential certificates 

Local governments of most countries issue non-preferential certificates to collect statistical data and ensure you are meeting:

• government sanctions
• anti-dumping rules
• quotas
• general tariffs.

Where can I get a Certificate of Origin?

To find out more and apply for a Certificate of Origin (COO) visit:

• Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI)
• Australian Industry Group (AI Group)
• International Export Certification Services (IECS)

For information about the documents needed for specific products check out.

CargoMaster ensures a seamless freight experience, combining expertise, accuracy, and compliance for precise cargo transport. Call us at 1300 767 136 for tailored shipping solutions and competitive rates.

INCOTERMS are standard trade terms most commonly used in international freight contracts for sale of goods. It is essential that you are aware of your terms of trade prior to shipment.

EXW – EX WORKS (… named place of delivery)
The Seller’s only responsibility is to make the goods available at the Seller’s premises. The Buyer bears full costs and risks of moving the goods from there to destination.

FCA – FREE CARRIER (… named place of delivery)
The Seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier selected by the Buyer. The Seller loads the goods if the carrier pickup is at the Seller’s premises. From that point, the Buyer bears the costs and risks of moving the goods to destination.

CPT – CARRIAGE PAID TO (… named place of destination)
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage.

CIP– CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (… named place of destination)
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.

DAT – DELIVERED AT TERMINAL (… named terminal at port or place of destination)
The Seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the Buyer’s disposal at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.

DAP – DELIVERED AT PLACE (… named place of destination)
The Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the Buyer’s disposal on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the names place of destination. The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.

DDP – DELIVERED DUTY PAID (… named place)
The Seller delivers the goods -cleared for import – to the Buyer at destination. The Seller bears all costs and risks of moving the goods to destination, including the payment of Customs duties and taxes.

MARITIME TERMS

FAS – FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP (… named port of shipment)
The Seller delivers the goods to the origin port. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.

FOB– FREE ON BOARD (… named port of shipment)
The Seller delivers the goods on board the ship and clears the goods for export. From that point, the Buyer bears all costs and risks of loss or damage.

CFR– COST AND FREIGHT (… named port of destination)
The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage.

CIF – COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (… named port of destination)
The Seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs of moving the goods to the port of destination. The Buyer bears all risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo insurance.

Hazard Labels for
Dangerous Goods (DG)

The international community has established a classification system for easy identification of dangerous goods. These goods fall into nine primary classes, and some classes are further divided to address specific risks. Each class/division has a corresponding label that accurately represents the nature of the hazard. These labels must be attached to the package during transport and remain intact throughout the journey. Take a look at the illustrated examples below to understand how these labels effectively communicate the potential dangers.

Under regulations, labels must be clearly visible on the outside of the package and must stay on the package while in transit.

You can often find labels printed on most inner packages such as:

• aerosol cans
• bottles of bleach
• containers of thinners
• tins of paint
• many other products which are available at supermarkets and hardware stores.

Below are the 9 hazard labels for the 9 classes of dangerous goods.

Class 1 Explosives

This includes items such as:

• explosive substances
• pyrotechnic devices
• ammunition
• fireworks
• detonators.

Class 2 Gases

These can be transported as:

• compressed
• liquefied
• refrigerated liquefied
• gas in solution.

This includes aerosols. Class 2 has 3 divisions:

• Division 2.1 - flammable gases such as:
  • butane
  • propane
• Division 2.2 - non-flammable, non-toxic gases such as:
  • oxygen
  • liquid nitrogen
  • compressed air
• Division 2.3 - toxic gases such as:
  • chlorine
  • hydrogen sulphide.

Class 3 Flammable liquids

This includes liquids with a boiling point of 35⁰ C or less, or a flash point of 60⁰ C or less such as:

• petrol
• alcohol
• perfumes
• essential oils
• hand sanitiser
• paints.

Class 4 Flammable solids

These are substances that can spontaneously combust and substances, that when they come into contact with water or emit flammable gases. Class 4 has 3 divisions:

• Division 4.1 - flammable solids such as:
  • hexamine solid fuel tablets for camping stoves
  • self-reactive substances
  • desensitised explosives
• Division 4.2 - substances that can spontaneously combust under normal air transport conditions include:
  • camphor
  • sulphur
  • matches
• Division 4.3 - substances that emit flammable gases when they come into contact with water include:
  • sodium
  • zinc particles
  • activated carbon.

Class 5 Oxidising substances and organic peroxides

These substances are not necessarily combustible on their own but can react dangerously with other substances. Class 5 has 2 divisions:

• Division 5.1 - oxidising substances that may not be necessarily combustible, but they may readily yield oxygen and cause other materials to combust, such as:
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • ammonium nitrate
  • potassium chlorate
  • sodium nitrate
• Division 5.2 - organic peroxides are thermally unstable and can emit heat and give off harmful or flammable vapours. They can also be liable to explosive decomposition and react dangerously with other substances. Examples are:
  • acetyl acetone peroxide
  • benzoyl peroxide
  • peracetic acid.

Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances

These substances can cause sickness, injury or death if consumed. Class 6 has 2 divisions:

• Division 6.1 - toxic substances that can cause death, injury or to harm human health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact, such as:
  • chloroform
  • arsenics
  • cyanides
  • cytotoxic waste
  • barium compounds
  • pesticides
• Division 6.2 - infectious substances that contain or are expected to contain pathogens that can cause disease in humans or animals, including:
  • medical or clinical waste
  • patient specimens
  • genetically modified organisms
  • infectious substances
  • infected animals.

Class 7 Radioactive materials

These are substances that emit invisible ionising radiation that can be harmful to humans and animals. It can cause objects such as aircraft and equipment to become contaminated if not packaged and handled correctly, such as:

• uranium
• radioactive ores
• isotypes
• radium
• cesium
• x-ray equipment
• medical equipment or parts.

Class 8 Corrosives

These substances can cause irreversible damage if they come into contact with skin and could destroy other freight, or materially damage containers or aircraft. This includes:

• acids
• corrosive cleaners
• battery fluid
• formaldehyde
• hydrofluoric acid.

Class 9 Miscellaneous

These are substances and articles which, during air transport, present a danger not covered by other classes. There are 2 types of handling labels – 1 for lithium battery shipments, and another for all other miscellaneous dangerous goods. This class includes:

• lithium batteries
• battery powered vehicles
• battery powered equipment
• first aid kids
• environmentally hazardous substances
• dry ice
• magnetised materials
• asbestos.

Handling labels

In addition to hazard labels, trained staff must attach handling labels where needed. Staff must use these 4 handling labels with the appropriate hazard labels:

Cargo aircraft only

This label is used to show that the load cannot be carried on a passenger aircraft.

Cyrogenics

This label is used on liquefied gases, such as the ones in Class 2.

This way up

This label ensures a load is placed the correct way up and can be used for non-dangerous goods.

Magnetised material

This label ensures that the load is kept away from the aircraft compass detector unit while being loaded and unloaded.

Types of Unit Load Devices Used in Australia

AKE Container

• Type: AKE CONTAINERATA Code: LD3
• Internal Volume: 152 cu. ft. 4.3 mc
• Weight Limit: 1,588 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F, 777, Airbus

AAU Container

• Type: AAU CONTAINER
• ATA Code: LD29
• Internal Volume: 505 cu. ft. 14.3 mc
• Weight Limit: 4,626 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F

 ALF Container

• Type: ALF CONTAINER
• ATA Code: LD6
• Internal Volume: 310 cu. ft. 8.78 mc
• Weight Limit: 3,175 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F,777, Airbus

AMA Container

• Type: AMA CONTAINER
• ATA Code: M1
• Internal Volume: 621 cu. ft. 17.58 mc
• Weight Limit: 6,804 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747F

AMF Container

• Type: AMF CONTAINER
• Internal Volume: 516 cu. ft. 14.6 mc
• Weight Limit: 5,035 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747,747F, 777, Airbus

P1P_PAG Pallet

• Type: P1P, PAG PALLET
• Size:
  • Base: 88″x 125″
  • Height: 64″, x 96″,118″
• Weight Limit: 4,626kg
  (LD),6,033kg (MD)
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747,747F, 777, Airbus

PEB Container

• Type: PEB CONTAINER
• Size:
  • Base: 53″ x 88″
  • Height: 84″
• Weight Limit: 1,800kg
  (B-HIH -1,300 KG)
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747F

PLA Pallet

• Type: PLA PALLET
• Size:
  • Base: 60.4″x 125″
  • Height: 64″
• Weight Limit: 3,175kg
  Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F, 777, Airbus

PMC_PQP_P6P Pallet

• Type: PMC, PQP, P6P PALLET
• Size: Base: 96″ x 125″
• Weight Limit: 5,035 kg (LD), 6,804 kg (MD)
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F, 777, Airbus

RKN Container

• Type: RKN CONTAINER
• ATA Code: LD3
• Internal Volume: 125.41 cu. ft. 3.55 mc
• Weight Limit: Weight: 1,588 kg
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747, 747F, 777, Airbus

VZA_VRA

• Size: Fitted on PGA 20 ft. Pallet
• Max Width for Lower Car: 81″/ 205 cm
• Max Centre Height for Lower Car: 59″/ 150 cm
• Max Wheel Base: 312 cm
• Weight Limit: 2,500 kg(Upper Car)
  9,300 kg c(Max Gross Weight of Pallet)
• Loadable Aircraft Type: 747F Upper Deck

A wide variety of aircraft available for international air cargo.

AIRBUS A330-200
Utilised on domestic routes by Qantas
The A330-200, will uplift  approx 14 ton or 61 cubic meters
(subject to weather conditions)

AIRBUS A330-300
Utilised by Qantas on domestic air freight routes
The A330-300, will uplift approx 15 ton or 80 cubic meters
(subject to weather conditions)

AIRBUS A320
Utilised by Qantas on domestic routes
The A320 will uplift 1 ton or approx 3 cubic meters
(subject to weather conditions)

AIRBUS A321
The A321 will uplift 3 ton or 10 cubic meters.

AIRBUS A330-800
The A330-800 will uplift 20 ton or 68 cubic meters.

BAE 146-300 FREIGHTER (Quiet trader)
The BAE 146 (Quiet trader as it is known)
Will uplift approx 10 ton or 80 cubic meters.

Boeing B737-300 Freighter
The 737 freighter will uplift approx 17 ton or 130 cubic meters.

Boeing B737-800
The 737-800 will uplift approx 3.5 ton or 30 cubic meters.

Boeing B767-300 Freighter
The 767 freighter will uplift 56 ton and 320 cubic meters.

Boeing B787-9
The 787-9 will uplift  approx 18 ton or 96 cubic meters.

A
Argentina
Austria
Azerbaijan

B
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belgium
Brazil
Brunei

C
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Czech Republic

D
Denmark

E
East Timor
Egypt
Ethiopia

F
Fiji
Finland
France

G
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guam

H
Hong Kong

I
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy

J
Japan
Jordan

K
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, DPR of (North Korea)
Korea, Rep (South Korea)
Kuwait

L
Laos
Libya
Luxembourg

M
Macau
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Myanmar

N
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Norway

O
Oman

P
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal

Q
Qatar

R
Russia

S
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland

T
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Turkey

U
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of America

V
Vanuatu
Vietnam

Z
Zambia